Випуски $\rightarrow$ Том 27, випуск 3 (2026)

Литі алюмінієві стопи як конкурентоспроможні сучасні конструкційні матеріяли: хемічний склад, виготовлення, обробка, випробування, механічні властивості та застосування

ЛЮТИЙ Р.В.$^{1}$, ПЕТРИК І.Я.$^{2}$, ІВАНЧЕНКО Д.В.$^{1}$, ЯМШИНСЬКИЙ М.М.$^{1}$, ЛУК’ЯНЕНКО І.В.$^{1}$, БИБА Є.Г.$^{1,3,4}$, КИВГИЛО Б.В.$^{1}$, ПЕТРИЧЕНКО С.В.$^{1}$, КОВАЛЕНКО В.В.$^{1}$, ЛЕОНОВ Д.С.$^{5}$, БАРАБАШ М.Ю.$^{1,4,5,6}$

$^1$Навчально-науковий інститут матеріалознавства та зварювання імені Є.О. Патона, Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», проспект Берестейський, 37; 03056 Київ, Україна
$^2$Франківський національний технічний університет нафти і газу, вул. Карпатська, 15; 76019 Івано-Франківськ, Україна
$^3$Інститут електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України, вул. Казимира Малевича, 11; 03150 Київ, Україна
$^4$Інститут прикладних систем управління НАН України, проспект Академіка Глушкова, 42; 03187 Київ, Україна
$^5$Технічний центр НАН України, вул. Покровська, 13; 04070 Київ, Україна
$^6$Інститут газу НАН України, вул. Дегтярівська, 39; 03113 Київ, Україна

Отримано / остаточна версія: 19.05.2026 / 05.08.2026 Завантажити PDF logo PDF

Анотація
У статті наведено огляд сучасних алюмінійових стопів, технологій, що використовуються для виробництва й оброблення їх, а також формування їхньої мікроструктури та властивостей. Наразі машинобудування має тенденцію до широкого використання ресурсоефективних, екологічно чистих і високоточних технологій. Оскільки алюмінійові стопи мають низьку густину, відносно високу міцність, достатню пластичність і певні особливі властивості (достатньо високу міцність за підвищених температур), вони є ідеальними матеріялами для широкого використання в автомобільній, приладобудівній та аерокосмічній промисловостях. Наведено класифікацію алюмінійових стопів з різними групами на основі леґувальних елементів. Проведено аналогії між національною (українською) класифікацією стопів і тими, що використовуються в провідних промислово розвинених країнах. Проаналізовано подібності та відмінності в хемічному складі та властивостях стопів. Розглянуто технології лиття й адитивного виробництва для виготовлення деталів з алюмінійових стопів. Показано вплив процесів структуроутворення під час затвердіння стопів на їхній фазовий склад і механічні властивості. Розглянуто різні леґувальні елементи та проаналізовано вплив їх на мікроструктуру та властивості. Рекомендовано обмеження вмісту кожного леґувального елемента й основні технологічні особливості топлення стопів. Також обговорено методи модифікування стопів. Показано вплив різних модифікувальних елементів на морфологію загальної структури та фази зміцнення. В окремому розділі статті наведено огляд різних термічних оброблень литих алюмінійових стопів. Ці стопи є дуже чутливими щодо термічного впливу. Тому вибір відповідних умов термічного оброблення є ключовим для значного підвищення міцности (іноді в 1,5–2,0 рази) шляхом утворення додаткових структурних (фазових) складових. Зокрема, визначено процедури оброблення деталів, що використовуються в екстремальних умовах (високі температури понад 300 °C, аґресивні середовища тощо, як в авіаційній або аерокосмічній промисловостях). Перераховано найпоширеніші інтерметалідні фази в алюмінійових стопах; обговорюється вплив кожної з цих фаз на властивості. Побудовано порівняльну діяграму, яка показує механічні властивості (міцність і пластичність) стопів, що зазвичай використовуються, та тих, що розробляються (експериментальні стопи). Дані, наведені на цій діяграмі, поєднують результати багаторічних досліджень, проведених дослідниками з різних країн, які були опубліковані у провідних наукових журналах. Також представлено дані щодо міцности за підвищених температур, розглянуто механічні властивості за високих температур (до 450 °C) і за тривалого впливу екстремальних умов. Визначено актуальні науково-технологічні проблеми, над якими зараз працюють фахівці з лиття алюмінію.

Ключові слова: алюмінійові ливарні стопи, леґування, термічне оброблення, механічні властивості, структуроутворення, утилізація.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.27.03.***

Citation: R.V. Liutyi, I.Ya. Petryk, D.V. Ivanchenko, М.М. Yamshіnskij, I.V. Lukianenko, I.G. Byba, B.V. Kyvhylo, S.V. Petrychenko, V.V. Kovalenko, D.S. Leonov, and М.Yu. Barabash, Cast Aluminium Alloys as Competitive Modern Structural Materials: Chemical Composition, Properties, and Applications, Progress in Physics of Metals, 27, No. 3: ***–*** (2026)

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