Випуски $\rightarrow$ Том 23, випуск 3 (2022)

Зсувне перетворення аустеніту в сталях з урахуванням ефектів напружень

С. В. Бобирь, Е. В. Парусов, Г. В. Левченко, А. Ю. Борисенко, І. М. Чуйко

Інститут чорної металургії ім. З. І. Некрасова НАН України, пл. Академіка Стародубова, 1, 49107 Дніпро, Україна

Отримано 22.02.2022; остаточна версія — 26.04.2022 Завантажити PDF logo PDF

Анотація
Розглядаються відомі на цей час основні механізми мартенситного перетворення аустеніту сталі під час охолодження, фізичні моделі та схеми зсувної перебудови кристалічної ґратниці заліза через γ→α-перетворення під дією внутрішніх напружень. Проведено аналіз наявної кінетичної моделі зсувного перетворення аустеніту в сталі з урахуванням впливу напружень. Показано, що для перетворення залишкового аустеніту в мартенсит необхідне виконання двох основних умов: термодинамічної за рахунок пониження температури сталі аж до температури завершення перетворення залишкового аустеніту та кінетичної за рахунок підвищення рівня внутрішніх напружень в аустеніті, збільшення швидкости охолодження на заключному етапі оброблення або механічного впливу. Для розрахунку впливу напружень на перетворення залишкового аустеніту в сталі запропоновано нову формулу, яка враховує мінімальне напруження, необхідне для кристалогеометрично упорядкованого зсуву атомів Fe під час утворення мартенситу. Показано, що вплив леґувальних елементів і швидкости охолодження на температури початку та закінчення перетворення аустеніту можна розрахувати за наведеними у роботі співвідношеннями. Для розрахунку кількости утворюваного мартенситу залежно від температури перетворення в роботі запропоновано удосконалену формулу Коістінена–Марбурґера, яка враховує не тільки температуру початку, але й температуру закінчення перетворення аустеніту, себто підвищує точність одержуваного результату.

Ключові слова: перетворення аустеніту, зсув площин, напруження, термодинаміка процесу, кристал мартенситу, кінетична модель.

Citation: S. V. Bobyr, E. V. Parusov, G. V. Levchenko, A. Yu. Borisenko, and I. M. Chuiko, Shear Transformation of Austenite in Steels Considering Stresses’ Effects, Progress in Physics of Metals, 23, No. 3: 379–410 (2022); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.03.379

Цитована література   
  1. Physical Metallurgy (4th Revised and Enhanced Edition) (Eds. R.W. Cahn and P. Haasen) (Amsterdam: Elsevier, North-Holland: 1996); https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444898753/physical-metallurgy
  2. G.V. Kurdjumov, L.M. Utevskii, and R.I. Ehntin, Prevrashcheniya v Zheleze i Stali [Transformations in Iron and Steel] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1977) (Russian ranslation).
  3. Ia.S. Umanskii and Yu.A. Skakov, Fizika Metallov. Atomnoye Stroyenie Metallov i Splavov [Physics of Metals. Atomic Structure of Metals and Alloys] (Moscow: Atomizdat: 1978) (in Russian).
  4. R.I. Ehntin, Prevrashcheniya Austenita v Stali [Transformations of Austenite in Steel] (Moscow: GNTI: 1960) (in Russian).
  5. G.V. Kurdjumov, Yavleniya Zakalki i Otpuska Stali [The Phenomena of Quenching and Tempering Steel] (Moscow: Metallurgizdat: 1960) (in Russian).
  6. L.I. Lysak and B.I. Nikolin, Fizicheskie Osnovy Termicheskoi Obrabotki Stali [Physical Basis of Heat Treatment of Steel] (Kiev: Tekhnika: 1975) (in Russian).
  7. S.P. Oshkaderov, Usp. Fiz. Met., 12, No. 2: 269 (2011) (in Russian); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.12.02.269
  8. V. Zait, Diffuziya v Metallakh [Diffusion in Metals] (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Inostr. Lit.: 1958) (in Russian).
  9. M.E. Blanter, Fazovyye Prevrashcheniya pri Termicheskoi Obrabotke Stali [Phase Transformations during the Heat Treatment of Steel] (Moscow: Metallurgizdat: 1962) (in Russian).
  10. S.S. Gorelik, Rekristallizatsiya Metallov i Splavov [Recrystallization of Metals and Alloys] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1978) (in Russian).
  11. V.I. Mazur and A.V. Mazur, Vvedenie v Teoriyu Splavov [Introduction to the Theory of Alloys] (Dnepropetrovsk: Lira: 2009) (in Russian).
  12. M. Folmer, Kinetik der Phasenbildung (Dresden, Verlag Theodor Steinkopff: 1939) (in German).
  13. I.I. Novikov, G.B. Stroganov, and A.I. Novikov, Metallovedenie, Termoobrabotka i Rentgenografiya [Metal Science, Heat Treatment and Radiography] (Moscow: MISiS: 1994) (in Russian).
  14. V.I. Mazur, V.Z. Kutsova, M.A. Kovzel, and O.A. Nosko, Splavy na Osnovi Zaliza [Iron-Based Alloys] (Dnipropetrovsk: NMetAU: 2013) (in Ukrainian).
  15. V.I. Bol’shakov and S.I. Gubenko, Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov [Metal Science and Heat Treatment of Metals] (Dnepropetrovsk: PGASA: 2004) (in Russian).
  16. M.L. Bernshtein and A.G. Rakhshtadt, Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Stali [Metal Science and Heat Treatment of Steel] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1983) (in Russian).
  17. I.L. Mirkin, Issledovanie Evtektoidnoi Kristallizatsii Stali [Study of Eutectoid Crystallization of Steel]. Structure and Properties of Steels and Alloys: Proceedings of the Moscow Institute of Steel (Moscow: Oborongiz: 1941), p. 5 (in Russian).
  18. R.F. Mehl and W.C. Hagel, Progress in Metal Physics, 6: 74 (1956); https://doi.org/10.1016/0502-8205(56)90005-3
  19. S.V. Bobyr and V.I. Bol’shakov, Models and Characteristics of Discontinuous Transformation of Austenite in Iron–Carbon Alloys, Usp. Fiz. Met., 15, No. 3: p. 145 (2014) (in Russian); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.15.03.145
  20. E.V. Parusov, S.I. Gubenko, A.B. Sychkov, and L.V. Sakhura, About the Influence of the Dislocation Substructure of Hot Deformation and Microadditives of Boron on the Formation of Lamellar Pearlite in the Process of Continuous Cooling of Wire Rod, Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, No. 3: 40 (2016) (in Russian).
  21. K.P. Bunin, G.I. Ivantsov, and Ya.N. Malinochka, Struktura Chuguna [Cast Iron Structure] (Moscow: Mashgiz: 1952) (in Russian).
  22. I.G. Uzlov, O.G. Sidorenko, I.P. Fedorova, and A.P. Sukhoi, Fundamental and Applied Problems of Ferrous Metallurgy, 13: 123 (2006) (in Russian).
  23. O.G. Sidorenko, I.P. Fedorova, L.G. Tuboltsev, and A.P. Sukhoi, Fundamental and Applied Problems of Ferrous Metallurgy, 17: 205 (2008) (in Russian).
  24. R.F. Mehl, Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 4: 492 (1938) (in Russian).
  25. B.S. Bokshtein, S.Z. Bokshtein, and A.A. Zhukhovitskii, Termodinamika i Kinetika v Tverdykh Telakh [Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Diffusion in Solid Bodies] (Moscow: Metallurgiiy: 1974) (in Russian).
  26. L.M. Mirskii, Protsessy Diffuzii v Splavakh [Diffusion Processes in Alloys] (Moscow: Oborongiz: 1959) (in Russian).
  27. P. Shewmon, Diffusion in Solids (Springer Cham: 2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48206-4
  28. B.S. Bokshtein, Diffiziia v Metallakh [Diffusion in Metals] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1978) (in Russian).
  29. B.Ya. Pines, Ocherki po Metallofizike [Essays on Metal Physics] (Kharkov: Publ. House of Kharkiv Univ.: 1961) (in Russian).
  30. Ya.Ye. Geguzin, Ocherki o Diffuzii v Kristallakh [Essays on Diffusion in Crystals] (Moscow: Nauka: 1974) (in Russian).
  31. Ya.D. Vishnyakov, Defekty Upakovki v Kristallicheskoi Strukture [Stacking Defects in the Crystal Structure] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1970) (in Russian).
  32. Yu.N. Koval’ and V.A. Lobodyuk, Deformatsionnyye i Relaksatsionnyye Yavleniya pri Prevrashcheniyakh Martensitnogo Tipa [Deformation and Relaxation Phenomena during Transformations of the Martensitic Type] (Kiev: Naukova Dumka: 2010) (in Russian).
  33. A.P. Gulyayev, Metallovedenie [Metals Science] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1986) (in Russian).
  34. V.I. Arkharov, Kristallografiya Zakalki Stali [Crystallography of Steel Quenching] (Moscow: Metallurgizdat: 1951) (in Russian).
  35. A. Borisenko and V. Shapovalov, Abstr. Int. Conf. Mechanics of Destruction of Materials and Strength of Structures (Jun. 24–27, 2014, Lviv) (Lviv: Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of the N.A.S. of Ukraine: 2014), p. 641 (in Russian).
  36. A.Yu. Borisenko, A.A. Kononenko, and A.A. Taranenko, Abstr. Int. Conf. Modern Materials Science: Materials and Technologies (Nov. 16–18, 2011, Kyiv) (Kiev: G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics of the N.A.S. of Ukraine: 2011), p. 6 (in Russian).
  37. A.Yu. Borisenko, A.A. Kononenko, V.L. Plyuta, A.I. Yatsenko, and V.I. Sukhomlin, Construction, Materials Science, Mechanical Engineering, 41, (Dnipropetrovsk: PGASA: 2007), p. 96 (2007) (in Russian).
  38. A.G. Khachaturyan, Teoriya Fazovykh Prevrashcheniy i Struktura Tverdykh Rastvorov [Theory of Phase Transformations and Structure of Solid Solutions] (Moscow: Nauka: 1974) (in Russian).
  39. J.W. Christian, The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys (Elsevier, Pergamon: 2022); https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044019-4.X5000-4
  40. B.Ya. Lyubov, Kineticheskaya Teoriya Fazovykh Prevrascheniy [Kinetic Theory of Phase Transformations] (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1969) (in Russian).
  41. Yu.M. Koval’ and V.A. Lobodyuk, The Deformation Phenomena at Martensitic Transformations, Usp. Fiz. Met., 7, No. 2: 53 (2006) (in Russian); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.07.02.053
  42. V.A. Lobodyuk and E.I. Ehstrin, Martensitnyye Prevrashcheniya [Martensitic Transformations] (Moscow: Fiz.-Mat. Lit.: 2009) (in Russian).
  43. Yu.N. Koval’ and V.A. Lobodyuk, Deformatsionnyye i Relaksatsionnyye Yavleniya pri Prevrashcheniyakh Martensitnogo Tipa [Deformation and Relaxation Phenomena during Transformations of the Martensitic Type] (Kiev: Naukova Dumka: 2010) (in Russian).
  44. O.A. Likhachev and Yu.M. Koval, Thermoelastic Behaviour, Hysteresis, and Dissipative Forces in Thermodynamics of Martensitic Transformations, Usp. Fiz. Met., 16, No. 1: 1 (2015) (in Russian); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.16.01.001
  45. V.A. Lobodyuk, Reversibility of the Martensitic Transformations and Shape-Memory Effects, Usp. Fiz. Met., 17, No. 2: 89 (2016) (in Russian); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.17.02.089
  46. L. Onsager, Phase Transformations in Solids: Symposium Held at Cornell University (August 23–26, 1948) (Ed. R. Smoluchowski et al.) (N.Y.C.: Wiley: 1951).
  47. S.R. De Groot and P. Mazur, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (New York: Dover Publ.: 1984).
  48. R.L. Snezhnoi and A.A. Zhukov, Diffuzionnyye Protsessy v Metallakh [Diffusion Processes in Metals] (Kiev: Naukova Dumka: 1966) (in Russian).
  49. M.A. Krishtal, G.I. Sil’man, E.G. Titenskii, and G.I. Naumov, Thermodynamic Analysis of a Metastable System, Thermodynamics, Physical Kinetics of Structure Formation and Properties of Iron and Steel (Moscow: Metallurgiya: 1971), vol. 4, p. 60 (1971) (in Russian).
  50. S.V. Bobyr, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Model of Diffusionless Transformation of an Austenite in Alloys on the Base of Iron, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 40, No. 11: 1437 (2018) (in Russian), https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.40.11.1437
  51. S.V. Bobyr, Kinetics of Formation of Martensitic Crystals in Iron-Based Alloys, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 42, No. 11: 1573 (2020); https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.11.1573
  52. D.F. Kalinovich, I.I. Kovenskii, and M.D. Smolin, Ukrainian Physical Journal, 14, No. 2: p. 515 (1969) (in Russian).
  53. A.N. Kolmogorov, Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Mathematical Series), No. 3: 355 (1937) (in Russian).
  54. M. Avrami, Kinetics of Phase Change. I. General Theory. J. Chemical Physics, 7, No. 12: 1103 (1939); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750380
  55. Yu.V. Yudin and V.M. Farber, Features of the Decay Kinetics of Undercooled Austenite of Alloy Steels in the Pearlitic Zone, Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, No. 2: 3 (2001) (in Russian).
  56. S.A. Khan and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, The Bainite Transformation in Chemically Heterogeneous 300M High-Strenght Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 21: 859 (1990); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02656570
  57. N.X. Sun, X.D. Liu, and K. Lu, An Explanation to the Anomalous Avrami Exponent, Scrip. Matr., 34, No. 8: 1201 (1996); https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-6462(95)00657-5
  58. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Some Phase Transformation in Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol., 15, No. 1: 22 (1999); https://doi.org/10.1179/026708399773002773
  59. N.V. Vlasova, N.A. Adamova, and V.G. Sorokin, Stress–Strain Condition of Steel Parts under Controlled Cooling, Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, No. 12: 37 (1986) (in Russian).
  60. M.I. Bannova, Growth Parameters of the -Phase and Relationship with the Stability of Austenite in the Intermediate Zone, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 40, No. 6: 1319 (1975) (in Russian).
  61. L.A. Alekseev, R.B. Levi, L.I. Kogan, E.F. Matrokhina, and R.I. Ehntin, About the Incubation Period of Pearlite Transformation, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 47, No. 5: 1005 (1979) (in Russian).
  62. A.V. Kulemin, S.Z. Nekrasov, R.I. Ehntin, and V.A. Meshalkin, About the Processes Occurring in Undercooled Austenite before Pearlite Transformation, Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences (Metals), No. 3: 68 (1982) (in Russian).
  63. K. Zin Cher, I.I. Martinovich, and S.A. Faldin, Influence of Stresses and Strains on the Bainitic Transformation in Steels, New Structural Steels and Methods for Their Hardening (Seminar Materials) (Moscow: MDNTP: 1984), p. 41 (1984) (in Russian).
  64. V.A. Zaimovskii and S.A. Faldin, Shape Memory Effect and Structural Heredity in 40XH3M Steel, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 58, No. 1: 106 (1984) (in Russian).
  65. V.A. Zaimovskii, I.I. Martinovich, O.V. Samedov, and S.A. Faldin, About the Reasons for the Acceleration of Bainite Transformation during Low-Temperature Deformation of Austenite, Physics of Metals and Metallography, 61, No. 4: 760 (1986) (in Russian).
  66. I.N. Andronov, S.L. Kuz’min, V.A. Likhachev, Yu.I. Patrikeev, and M.N. Korolev, Deformation of Metals under Conditions of Plasticity Transformation, Strength of Materials, No. 5: 96 (1983) (in Russian).
  67. V.V. Abramov, Napriazheniya i Defornatsii pri Termicheskoi Obrabotke Stali [Stresses and Strains during Heat Treatment of Steel] (Kiev: Vyshcha Shkola: 1985) (in Russian).
  68. Z.-G. Wang and T. Inoue, Analysis of Temperature, Structure and Stress during Quenching, J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Japan, No. 360: 991 (1983).
  69. V.E. Loshkarev, Mathematical Modelling of the Quenching Process Taking into Account the Effect of Stresses on Structural Transformations in Steel, Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, No. 1: 86 (1986) (in Russian).
  70. M. Umemoto, K. Horiuchi, and I. Tamura, Transformation Kinetic of Bainite during Isothermal Holding and Continuous Cooling, Transaction of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 31, No. 360: 991 (1982).
  71. R.K. Vafin, A.M. Pokrovskii, and V.G. Leshkovtsev, Prochnost’ Termoobrabatyvaemykh Prokatnykh Valkov [Strength of Heat-Treated Rolling Rolls] (Moscow: Publ. House of Bauman MGTU: 2004) (in Russian).
  72. A.P. Chernyshov, Computer Simulation of Structural and Phase Transformations under Non-Isothermal Conditions, Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy, No. 2: 27 (2001) (in Russian).
  73. V.E. Loshkarev, Calculation of Quenching Stresses Taking into Account the Plasticity of the Transformation and the Effect of Stresses on the Kinetics of Austenite Decomposition, Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy, No. 1: 11 (1988) (in Russian).
  74. K. Tanaka and Y. Sato, Analysis of Super-Plastic Deformation during Isothermal Martensitic Transformation, Res. Mechanica, 17, No. 3: 241 (1986).
  75. S.V. Bobyr, Analytical Models of the Transformation of Austenite in Steel Taking into Account Internal Stresses, Fundamental and Applied Problems of Ferrous Metallurgy, 33: 69 (2019) (in Russian).
  76. S.V. Bobyr, P.V. Krot, and D.V. Loschkarev, Models of Structural Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels Rolls, Carbon Steel: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Applications (Ed. C. Phelps) (Hauppauge, USA: Nova Science Publishers Inc.: 2019), ch. 3, p. 81.
  77. S.V. Bobyr, A.Yu. Borisenko, O.V. Kuksa, and D.V. Loschkarev, Analysis of Phase-Structural Transformations during Cooling of Steels Taking into Account Emerging Deformations and Stresses, Fundamental and Applied Problems of Ferrous Metallurgy, 32: 349 (2018) (in Russian).
  78. P.V. Romanov and R.P. Radchenko, Prevrascheniya Austenita pri Nepreryvnom Okhlazhdenii Stali (Atlas Termokineticheskikh Diagramm) [Austenite Transformations during Continuous Cooling of Steel (Atlas of Thermokinetic Diagrams)] (Novosibirsk: Publ. House of SB Academy of Science of USSR: 1960) (in Russian).
  79. V.L. Bazhanov, Mekhanika Deformiruyemogo Tverdogo Tela [Mechanics of Deformable Solid] (Moscow: Publ. House Urite: 2018) (in Russian).

Ліцензія Creative Commons
Цю статтю ліцензовано на умовах Ліцензії Creative Commons із зазначенням авторства — без похідних 4.0 Міжнародна
© Інститут металофізики ім. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН України,