Issues $\rightarrow$ Volume 27, Issue 2 (2026)

Cryogenic Cooling Effect on the Change in the Microstructure of Metals

VOLOKITINA I.E., ZHUMANAZAROVA G.M., and GELMANOVA Z.S.

Karaganda Industrial University, Republic Ave., 30, 101400 Temirtau, Kazakhstan

Received / final version: 24.12.2025 / 24.05.2026 Download PDF logo PDF

Abstract
The study of cryogenic treatment of metals has been the subject of a large number of scientific publications; therefore, the preparation of a review article aimed at summarising the current state of knowledge and identifying directions for future research is highly relevant. Although there are several reviews on the cryogenic treatment of tool steels, to date, there has been no comprehensive review addressing the effect of cryogenic treatment on changes in the microstructure of metals. Therefore, in addition, the influence of individual processing parameters, their sequence, and the effect of stabilisation at room temperature on microstructure evolution are examined here in detail. Cryogenic processing of materials is known to enhance properties such as hardness, strength, wear resistance, tensile strength, dimensional stability, corrosion resistance, etc. However, the extent of property improvement for cryogenically treated materials reported in the literature is diverse and, in some cases, contradictory. In the present study, an attempt is made to provide a comprehensive review of various scientific publications available in the literature on this topic.

Keywords: microstructure of metals, metals processing, cooling, cryogenic treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.27.02.***

Citation: I.E. Volokitina, G.M. Zhumanazarova, and Z.S. Gelmanova, Cryogenic Cooling Effect on the Change in the Microstructure of Metals, Progress in Physics of Metals, 27, No. 2: ***–*** (2026)

References  
  1. I.E. Volokitina, A.V. Volokitin, M.A. Latypova, V.V. Chigirinsky, and A.S. Kolesnikov, Prog. Phys. Met., 24, No. 1: 132 (2023); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.01.132
  2. I.E. Volokitina, A.V. Volokitin, and E.A. Panin, Prog. Phys. Met., 23, No. 4: 684–728 (2022); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.04.684
  3. I. Volokitina, A. Volokitin, A. Denissova, T. Fedorova, D. Lawrinuk, A. Kolesnikov, A. Yerzhanov, Y. Kuatbay, and Y. Liseitsev, Case Studies Construct. Mater., 19: e02346 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02346
  4. A.V. Volokitin, I.E. Volokitina, E.A. Panin, Prog. Phys. Met., 23, No. 3: 411 (2022); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.23.03.411
  5. N. Zhangabay, I. Baidilla, A. Tagybayev, U. Suleimenov, Z. Kurganbekov, M. Kambarov, A. Kolesnikov, G. Ibraimbayeva, K. Abshenov, I. Volokitina, B. Nsanbayev, Y. Anarbayev, and P. Kozlov, Case Studies Construct. Mater., 18: e02161 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02161
  6. I. Volokitina, E. Panin, T. Fedorova, B. Makhmutov, and Z. Gelmanova, Materiali in Tehnologije, 59, No. 4: 585–591 (2025); https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2024.1360
  7. I. Volokitina, J. Chem. Technol. Metallurgy, 55, No. 2: 479–485 (2020); https://journal.uctm.edu/node/j2020-2/29_18-214_p_479-485.pdf
  8. I. Volokitina, A. Volokitin, and B. Makhmutov, Symmetry, 16, No. 8: 997 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16080997
  9. A. Shokrani, V. Dhokia, and S.T. Newman, Machining Sci. Technol., 20: 475–494 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10910344.2016.1191953
  10. Y. Yildiz and M. Nalbant, Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf., 48, No. 9: 947–964 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.01.008
  11. S.Y. Hong, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 123: 331–338 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1315297
  12. S. Magadum, S.A. Kumar, V.G. Yoganath, C.K. Srinivasa, and T. GuruMurthy, Proc. Mater. Sci., 5: 2542–2549 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.506
  13. Y. Kaynak, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 72: 919–933 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5683-0
  14. A. Aramcharoen and S.K. Chuan, Procedia CIRP, 14: 529–534 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.03.076
  15. I.E. Volokitina, A.V. Volokitin, and T.D. Fedorova, Metallurgist, 69: 65–71 (2025); https://doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2025_1_56
  16. G. Manimaran, M. Pradeep Kumar, and R. Venkatasamy, Cryogenics, 59: 76–83 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2013.11.005
  17. C. Machai and D. Biermann, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 211: 1175–1183 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.022
  18. S. Cordes, F. Hübner, and T. Schaarschmidt, Procedia CIRP, 14: 401–405 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.03.091
  19. B. Dilip Jerold and M. Pradeep Kumar, J. Manuf. Proc., 13: 113–119 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.02.001
  20. F. Pusavec, A. Stoic, and J. Kopac, Tech. Gazette, 16: 3-10 (2009).
  21. K. Aslantas, A. Cicek, I. Ucun, M. Percin, and H.E. Hopa, Procedia CIRP, 46: 492–495 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.04.037
  22. S. Sartori, A. Ghiotti, and S. Bruschi, Wear, 376–377: 107–114 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.12.047
  23. A. Shokrani, V. Dhokia, P. Munoz-Escalona, and S.T. Newman, Int. J. Computer Integrated Manuf., 26: 616–648 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1080/0951192X.2012.749531
  24. I. Gunes, A. Cicek, K. Aslantas, and F. Kara, Trans. Ind. Inst. Metals, 67: 909–917 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-014-0417-4
  25. F. Pusavec, H. Hamdi, J. Kopac, and I.S. Jawahir, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 211: 773–783 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.12.013
  26. M. Dhananchezian, M.P. Kumar, and T. Sornakumar, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 26: 781–785 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1080/10426911003720821
  27. D. Umbrello, S. Yang, O.W. Dillon, and I.S. Jawahir, Mater. Sci. Technol., 28: 1320–1331 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284712Y.0000000052
  28. L.S. Ahmed, N. Govindaraju, and M. Pradeep Kumar, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 31: 603–607 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1019127
  29. S. Ahmed and P. Kumar, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 32: 302–308 (2017); http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2016.1176187
  30. J. Elanchezhian, M. Pradeep Kumar, and G. Manimaran, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 29: 4885–4890 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-1036-7
  31. S. Yang, D. Umbrello, O.W. Dillon, D.A. Puleo, and I.S. Jawahir, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 217: 211–221 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.11.004
  32. V. Srivastava and P.M. Pandey, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 27: 683–688 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2011.602790
  33. I.S. Jawahir, H. Attia, D. Biermann, J. Duflou, F. Klocke, D. Meyer, S.T. Newman, F. Pusavec, M. Putz, J. Rech, V. Schulze, and D. Umbrello, CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol., 65: 713–736 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.007
  34. M. Dix, R. Wertheim, G. Schmidt, and C. Hochmuth, CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol., 63: 73–76 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2014.03.080
  35. Y. Kakinuma, S. Kidani, and T. Aoyama, CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol., 61: 79–82 (2012); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2012.03.039
  36. L.S. Ahmed and M.P. Kumar, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 31: 951–959 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1048475
  37. T. Xia, Y. Kaynak, C. Arvin, and I.S. Jawahir, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 82: 605–616 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7284-y
  38. K.H. Park, G.D. Yang, M.A. Suhaimi, D. Lee, T.G. Kim, D.-W. Kim, and S.-W. Lee, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 29: 5121–5126 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-1110-1
  39. Z.Y. Wang and K.P. Rajurkar, Wear, 239: 168–175 (2000); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(99)00361-0
  40. S.Y. Hong and Y. Ding, Int. J. Machine Tools Manufacture, 41: 1417–1437 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00026-8
  41. S.Y. Hong, Machining Sci. Technol., 10: 133–155 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1080/10910340500534324
  42. A. Bordin, S. Bruschi, A. Ghiotti, and P.F. Bariani, Wear, 328–329: 89–99 (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.030
  43. S.Y. Hong, Y. Ding, and W. Jeong, Int. J. Machine Tools Manufacture, 41: 2271–2285 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00029-3
  44. M.J. Bermingham, J. Kirsch, S. Sun, S. Palanisamy, and M.S. Dargusch, Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf., 51: 500–511 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.02.009
  45. J.C. Outeiro, P. Lenoir, and A. Bosselut, Production Eng., 9: 551–562 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-015-0619-6
  46. A. Aramcharoen, Procedia CIRP, 46: 83–86 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.184
  47. Y. Kaynak, H.E. Karaca, R.D. Noebe, and I.S. Jawahir, Wear, 306: 51–63 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.05.011
  48. G. Rotella, O.W. Dillon, D. Umbrello, L. Settineri, and I.S. Jawahir, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 71: 47–55 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5477-9
  49. S. Paul and A.B. Chattopadhyay, Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf., 35: 109–117 (1995).
  50. R. Singh and B. Singh, Int. J. Automotive Mech. Eng., 3: 239–248 (2011); https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.3.2011.1.0020
  51. R.A. Rahman Rashid, S. Sun, G. Wang, and M.S. Dargusch, J. Eng. Manuf., 225: 2151–2162 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1177/2041297511406649
  52. S.S. Gill and J. Singh, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 25: 378–385 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910903179914
  53. V.S. Jatti and T.P. Singh, Appl. Mech. Mater., 592–594: 197–201 (2014); https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.592-594.197
  54. J.W. Kim, J.A. Griggs, J.D. Regan, R.A. Ellis, and Z. Cai, Int. Endodontic J., 38: 364-371 (2005); https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2005.00945.x
  55. S. Kumar, A. Batish, R. Singh, and T. Singh, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 231: 11 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406215628030
  56. B. Basu, J. Sarkar, and R. Mishra, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 40: 472-480 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9721
  57. N.S.M. El-Tayeb, T.C. Yap, and P.V. Brevern, Tribol. Int., 43: 2345-2354 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.08.012
  58. J. Caudill, B. Huang, C. Arvin, J. Schoop, K. Meyer, and I.S. Jawahir, Procedia CIRP, 13: 243–248 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.04.042
  59. M.J. Bermingham, J. Kirsch, S. Sun, S. Palanisamy, and M.S. Dargusch, Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf., 51: 500-511 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.02.009
  60. I.E. Volokitina and A.V. Volokitin, Phys. Metals Metallogr., 119, No. 9: 917–921 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X18090132
  61. G. Kurapov, E. Orlova, I. Volokitina, and A. Turdaliev, J. Chem. Technol. Metallurgy., 51, No. 4: 451–457 (2016); https://journal.uctm.edu/node/j2016-4/13-Volokitina_451-457.pdf
  62. S. Lezhnev, A. Naizabekov, and I. Volokitina, J. Chem. Technol. Metallurgy., 52, No. 4: 626 (2017); https://journal.uctm.edu/node/j2017-4/3_17-04_Lezhnev_p_626-635.pdf
  63. A. Volokitin, I. Volokitina, and E. Panin, J. Mat. Res. Technol., 31: 2985 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.07.038
  64. I. Volokitina, A. Volokitin, E. Panin, T. Fedorova, D. Lawrinuk, A. Kolesnikov, A. Yerzhanov, Z. Gelmanova, and Y. Liseitsev, Case Studies Construct. Mater., 19: e02609 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02609
  65. A. Nurumgaliyev, T. Zhuniskaliyev, V. Shevko, Y. Mukhambetgaliyev, B. Kelamanov, Y. Kuatbay, A. Badikova, G. Yerekeyeva, and I. Volokitina, Sci. Rep., 14, No. 1: 7456 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57529-6
  66. I.E. Volokitina, A.I. Denissova, A.V. Volokitin, and E.A. Panin, Prog. Phys. Met., 25, No. 1: 132–160 (2024); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.25.01.132
  67. S. Lezhnev, E. Panin, and I. Volokitina, Adv. Mater. Res., 814: 68–75 (2013); https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.814.68
  68. I. Volokitina, B. Sapargaliyeva, A. Agabekova, S. Syrlybekkyzy, A. Volokitin, L. Nurshakhanova, F. Nurbaeva, A. Kolesnikov, G. Sabyrbayeva, A. Izbassar, O. Kolesnikova, Y. Liseitsev, and S. Vavrenyuk, Case Studies Construct. Mater., 19: e02256 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02256
  69. A. Naizabekov, A. Arbuz, S. Lezhnev, E. Panin, and I. Volokitina, Phys. Scr., 94, No. 10: 105702 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab1e6e
  70. P. Wang, W. Lu, Y. Wang, J. Liu, and R. Zhang, Rare Metals, 30: 644–649 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-011-0443-x
  71. C.J. Isaak and W. Reitz, Mater. Manuf. Proc., 23: 82–91 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1080/10426910701524626
  72. I.E. Volokitina, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 62: 253–258 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-020-00544-x
  73. I.E. Volokitina, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 63: 163 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-021-00664-y
  74. A. Sert and O.N. Celik, Materials Characterization, 150: 1–7 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.02.006
  75. Y. Gao, B.-H. Luo, Z. Bai, B. Zhu, and S. Ouyang, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater., 58: 42–50 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.03.010
  76. I.E. Volokitina, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 61: 234 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-019-00406-1
  77. I.E. Volokitina, A.I. Denissova, A.V. Volokitin, T.D. Fedorova, and D.N. Lavrinyuk, Prog. Phys. Met., 25, No. 1: 161–194 (2024); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.25.01.161
  78. I.E. Volokitina and G.G. Kurapov, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 59, Nos. 11–12: 786 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-018-0227-0
  79. S. Lezhnev A. Naizabekov, A. Volokitin, and I. Volokitina, Proc. Eng., 81: 1505 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.181
  80. R. Thornton, T. Slatter, and H. Ghadbeigi, Wear, 305: 177–191 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.06.005
  81. T. Slatter, R. Lewis, and A. Jones, Wear, 271: 1481–1489 (2011); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.01.041
  82. Y. Uematsu, K. Tokaji, T. Horie, and K. Nishigaki, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 471: 15–21 (2007); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.04.070
  83. M. Radulovic, M. Fiset, K. Peev, and M. Tomovic, J. Mater. Sci., 29: 5085–94 (1994); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01151101
  84. T. Jianmin and Z. Weiliang, Trans. Metal Heat Treat., 14: 1–7 (1993).
  85. H. Liu, J. Wang, H. and Yang, B. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 478: 324–328 (2008); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.06.012
  86. A.B. Nayzabekov and I.E. Volokitina, Phys. Metals. Metallogr., 120, No. 2: 177–183 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X19020133
  87. K. Amini and A. Akhbarizadeh, Metall. Mater. Eng., 23, No. 1: 1–10 (2017); https://doi.org/10.30544/238
  88. P. Bhale, H. Shastri, A. Mondal, M. Masanta, and S. Kumar, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 25, No. 9: 3590–3598 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2238-6
  89. K. Gu, J. Wang, and Y. Zhou, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 30, No. 29: 131–139 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.003
  90. K. Mohan, J. Suresh, P. Ramu, and R. Jayaganthan, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 25, No. 6: 2185–2194 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2052-1
  91. C. Li, N. Cheng, Z. Chen, N. Guo, and S. Zeng, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 22, No. 1: 68–77 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-015-1045-7
  92. S.N. Lezhnev, I.E. Volokitina, and A.V. Volokitin, Phys. Metals Metallogr., 118, No. 11: 1167–1170 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X17110072
  93. A.B. Naizabekov, S.N. Lezhnev, and I.E. Volokitina, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 57, No. 5–6: 254 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-015-9870-x
  94. S. Lezhnev, A. Naizabekov, E. Panin, and I. Volokitina, Proc. Eng., 81: 1499 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.180
  95. I. Volokitina, A. Volokitin, and D. Kuis, J. Chem. Technol. Metallurgy, 56: 643 (2021); https://journal.uctm.edu/node/j2021-3/25_20-126p643-647.pdf
  96. I.E. Volokitina, Prog. Phys. Met., 3, No. 24: 593 (2023); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.24.03.593
  97. P. Gordon and M. Cohen, Trans. ASM, 30: 569–587 (1942).
  98. A. Popandopulo and L. Zhukova, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 22: 708–710 (1980); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00700558
  99. I.E. Volokitina, Metal Sci. Heat Treat., 62: 253-258 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-020-00544-x
  100. E. Zhmud, Met. Sci. Heat Treat., 22: 701–703 (1980); https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00700558
  101. G. Berlien, Steel, 1, No. 10: 86–90 (1944); https://doi.org/10.1299/kikai1938.10.39-2_86
  102. R. Barron and C. Mulhern, Cryogenic Treatment of AISI-T8 and C1045 Steels, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials (Eds. A.F. Clark and R.P. Reed) (Plenum Press: 1980), p. 171–179; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9859-2_17
  103. R. Barron, Cryogenics, 22: 409–413 (1982); https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(82)90085-6
  104. D. Yun, L. Xiaoping, and X. Hongshen, Heat Treat. Met., 3: 55–59 (1998).
  105. L. Mohan, S. Renganarayanan, and A. Kalanidhi, Cryogenics, 41: 149–155 (2001); https://doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(01)00065-0
  106. N. Dhokey, A. Hake, S. Kadu, I. Bhoskar, and G. Dey, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 45: 1508–1516 (2014); https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2067-2
  107. J. Huang, Y. Zhu, X. Liao, I. Beyerlein, M. Bourke, and T. Mitchell, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 339: 241–244 (2003); https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(02)00165-x
  108. J. Li, X. Yan, X. Liang, H. Guo, and D. Li, Wear, 376–377: 1112–1121 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.11.041
  109. A. Oppenkowski, S. Weber, and W. Theisen, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 210: 1949–1955 (2010); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.007
  110. D. Collins and J. Dormer, Heat Treat. Met., 24: 71–74 (1997).
  111. D. Das, A. Dutta, and K. Ray, Wear, 266: 297–309 (2009); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.07.001
  112. A. Volokitin, I. Volokitina, and E. Panin, Metallogr. Microst. Anal., 11, No. 4: 673–675 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-022-00877-4
  113. A. Volokitin, I. Volokitina, and E. Panin, Metallogr. Microstruct. Analysis, 13, No. 5: 1013–1016 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-024-01078-x
  114. T.M. Radchenko, O.S. Gatsenko, V.V. Lizunov, and V.A. Tatarenko, Prog. Phys. Met., 21, No. 4: 580–618 (2020); https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.21.04.580
  115. T.M. Radchenko, O.S. Gatsenko, V.V. Lizunov, and V.A. Tatarenko, Fundamentals of Low-Dimensional Magnets (Eds. R.K. Gupta, S.R. Mishra, and T.A. Nguyen) (Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, CRC Press: 2022), Ch. 18, p. 343–364; https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003197492-18
  116. I. Volokitina, A. Volokitin, E. Panin, and B. Makhmutov, Symmetry, 16, No. 9: 1174 (2024); https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091174

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
© G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics of the N.A.S. of Ukraine,