Issues »  Volume 16, Issue 3

Structure, Phase Composition and Properties of Surface Layers of the Titanium after Electroexplosive Doping with Yttrium and Electron-Beam Processing

V. E. Gromov$^{1}$, K. V. Sosnin$^{1}$, Yu. F. Ivanov$^{2,3}$, O. A. Semina$^{1}$

$^1$Siberian State Industrial University, 42 Kirov Str., 654007 Novokuznetsk, Russia
$^2$Institute of High Current Electronics SB RAS, 2/3 Akademicheskiy Ave., 634055 Tomsk, Russia
$^3$National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 2/3 Akademicheskiy Ave., 634055 Tomsk, Russia

Received: 20.03.2015. Download: PDF

Modification of surface layer of technically pure titanium is carried out by the combined method combining electroexplosive doping with yttrium and subsequent irradiation by high-intensity electron beam with parameters as follow: energy density of electron beam — 20–70 J/cm$^{2}$, pulse length — 150 μs, number and pulse frequency — 3 and 0.3 Hz, respectively. The investigations of elemental and phase compositions, defect substructure, mechanical and tribological characteristics of the doped layer are performed via the contemporary methods of physical materials science (X-ray structural analysis, optical, scanning and transmission electron diffraction microscopies, measurements of microhardness, friction coefficient and wear rate). The formation of multilayer multiphase submicro- and nanocrystalline structure characterized by titanium and yttrium layering is revealed. The 500 nm thick surface layer is amorphous. The 1.0–1.5 μm thick layer is located below and has a columnar structure. Under it, the extended layer (of 20–40 μm) with the structure of dendritic (globular) crystallization is determined. The amorphous layer is enriched with titanium, and the layer with columnar structure lying under it is yttrium-enriched. The main phase of the surface layer is α-yttrium (73% of the volume fraction). The volume fraction of other phases is considerably lesser (α-titanium — 10%, carbide TiC and titanium oxide TiO$_{2}$ — 14%, yttrium oxide Y$_{2}$O$_{3}$ — 3%). The saturation of titanium surface layer with yttrium, oxygen and carbon atoms results in the formation of metalloceramic layer hardened by oxides and carbides of titanium and yttrium and facilitates the multiple increase in microhardness (more than 3 times as much), reduction of friction coefficient (more than 7 times) and wear rate of modified layer (more than 3 times).

Keywords: titanium structure, electroexplosive doping with yttrium, electron-beam processing, surface properties.

PACS: 52.80.Qj,61.72.-y,62.20.Qp,68.37.Lp,81.15.Jj,81.40.Pq,81.40.Wx,81.65.Lp

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/ufm.16.03.175

Citation: V. E. Gromov, K. V. Sosnin, Yu. F. Ivanov, and O. A. Semina, Structure, Phase Composition and Properties of Surface Layers of the Titanium after Electroexplosive Doping with Yttrium and Electron-Beam Processing, Usp. Fiz. Met., 16, No. 3: 175—227 (2015) (in Russian), doi: 10.15407/ufm.16.03.175

References (100)  
  1. N. N. Rykalin, A. A. Uglov, I. V. Zuev, and A. N. Cocora, Lazernaya i Elektronno-luchevaya Obrabotka Materialov [Laser and Electron Beam Treatment of Materials] (Moscow: Mashinostroenie: 1985) (in Russian).
  2. P. A. Leont'ev, N. T. Chekanova, and M. G. Khan, Lazernaya Poverkhnostnaya Obrabotka Metallov i Splavov [Laser Surface Treatment of Metals and Alloys] (Moscow: Metallurgy: 1986) (in Russian).
  3. C. S. Kovalenko, A. D. Verkhoturov, L. F. Golovko, and I. A. Podchernyaeva, Lazernoe i Elektroerozionnoe Uprochnenie Materialov [Laser and Electrodischarge Hardening of Materials] (Moscow: Nauka: 1986) (in Russian).
  4. R. V. Arutyunyan, B. Yu. Baranov, L. A. Bol'shov, D. D. Malyuta, V. S. Mezhevov, and V. D. Pis'mennyy, Vozdeystvie Lazernogo Izlucheniya na Materialy [The Influence of Laser Radiation on Materials] (Moscow: Nauka: 1989) (in Russian).
  5. V. A. Gribkov, F. I. Grigor'ev, B. A. Calin, and V. L. Yakushin, Perspektivnye Radiatsionno-Puchkovye Tekhnologii Obrabotki Materialov [Promising Radiation Beam Technologies of Material Treatment] (Moscow: Kruglyy God: 2001) (in Russian).
  6. Yu. M. Tyurin and M. L. Zhadkevich, Plazmennye Uprochnyayushchie Tekhnologii [Plasma Hardening Technologies] (Kiev: Naukova Dumka: 2008) (in Russian).
  7. A. D. Pogrebnyak and Yu. N. Tyurin, Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk, 175, No. 5: 515 (2005) (in Russian). Crossref
  8. A. A. Shypko, I. L. Pobol, and I. G. Urban, Uprochnenie Staley i Splavov s Ispolzovaniem Elektronno-luchevogo Nagreva [Hardening of Steels and Alloys Using Electron-Beam Heating] (Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika: 1995) (in Russian).
  9. B. P. Simakov, E. A. Budovskikh, and N. N. Nazarov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 12: 60 (2000) (in Russian).
  10. E. A. Budovskikh and P. S. Nosarev, Materialovedenie, No. 3: 50 (2001) (in Russian).
  11. E. A. Budovskikh, L. V. Manzhos, E. V. Martusevich, and I. S. Astakhova, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 6: 38 (2003) (in Russian).
  12. E. A. Budovskykh and E. V. Martusevich, Izv. VUZov. Chern. Metallurgiya, No. 6: 37 (2004) (in Russian).
  13. E. V. Martusevich, E. A. Budovskikh, V. K. Karateev, and V. E. Gromov, Zagotov. Pr-va v Mashinostroeni, No. 1: 46 (2005) (in Russian).
  14. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. V. Martusevich, and V. E. Gromov, Fiz. Mezomekhanika, 8, No. 4: 89 (2005) (in Russian).
  15. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. F. Goryushkin, Zagotov. Pr-va v Mashinostroenii, No. 9: 46 (2005) (in Russian).
  16. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, and Yu. F. Ivanov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 9: 67 (2005) (in Russian).
  17. V. K. Karataev, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, and E. A. Budovskikh, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 8: 34 (2005) (in Russian).
  18. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, and Yu. F. Ivanov, Izv. VUZov. Fizika, 48, No. 9: 36 (2005) (in Russian).
  19. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. V. Martusevich and V. E. Gromov, Voprosy Materialovedeniya, 43, No. 3: 32 (2005) (in Russian).
  20. E. A. Budovskikh, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. V. Martusevich, and Yu. F. Ivanov, Deformatsiya i Razrushenie Materialov, No. 11: 28 (2005) (in Russian).
  21. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, V. K. Karateev, E. V. Martusevich, and V. E. Gromov, Fizika i Khimiya Obrab. Materialov, No. 2: 50 (2006) (in Russian).
  22. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, E. V. Martusevich, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 12: 22 (2005) (in Russian).
  23. E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. V. Martusevich, and V. E. Gromov, Deformatsiya i Razrushenie Materialov, No. 3: 37 (2006) (in Russian).
  24. O. A. Tsvirkun, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 6: 28 (2006) (in Russian).
  25. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Fiz. Mezomekhanika, 9, No. 4: 49 (2006) (in Russian).
  26. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 8: 55 (2006) (in Russian).
  27. O. A. Tsvirkun, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Fiz. Mezomekhanika, 9, No. 5: 91 (2006) (in Russian).
  28. O. A. Tsvirkun, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Materialovedenie, No. 11: 30 (2006) (in Russian).
  29. O. A. Tsvirkun, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Zagotov. Pr-va v Mashinostroenii, No. 11: 37 (2006) (in Russian).
  30. O. A. Tsvirkun, Yu. F. Ivanov, E.A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 2: 46 (2007) (in Russian).
  31. O. A. Tsvirkun, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Fizika, 50, No. 3: 3 (2007) (in Russian).
  32. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, O. A. Tsvirkun, and E. A. Budovskikh, Metallurg, No. 3: 52 (2007) (in Russian).
  33. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, and A. Ya. Bagautdinov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 6: 40 (2007) (in Russian).
  34. E. A. Budovskikh, P. V. Uvarkin, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 3: 50 (2008) (in Russian).
  35. E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, A. V. Vostretsova, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Fizika, 51, No. 5: 71 (2008) (in Russian).
  36. E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, Guo Tang, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 6: 46 (2008) (in Russian).
  37. E. V. Martusevich, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. F. Goryushkin, Vestnik TGU. Seriya: Estestvennyie i Tekhnicheskie Nauki, 8, No. 4: 714 (2003) (in Russian).
  38. E. A. Budovskikh, V. F. Goryushkin, E. V. Martusevich, V. E. Gromov, and A. Ya. Bagautdinov, Fund. Probl. Sovremennogo Materialovedeniya, No. 1: 95 (2005) (in Russian).
  39. E. A. Budovskikh, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, O. A. Tsvirkun, E. V. Martusevich, and V. E. Gromov, Fund. Probl. Sovremennogo Materialovedeniya, 2, No. 4: 80 (2005) (in Russian).
  40. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Vestnik Gorno-Metallurgicheskoy Sektsii RAEN, Iss. 16: 154 (2006) (in Russian).
  41. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, O. A. Tsvirkun, E. V. Martusevich, and V. E. Gromov, Vestnik Gorno-Metallurgicheskoy Sektsii RAEN, Iss. 8: 143 (2006) (in Russian).
  42. O. A. Tsvirkun, A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Fundamental'nye problemy Novikh Tekhnologiy: Vseros. Konf. Molodykh Uchenykh v Ramkakh Ros. Nauch. Foruma s Mezhdunar. Uchastiem 'Demidovskie Chteniya' (Tomsk: 2006), p. 131 (in Russian).
  43. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Fund. Probl. Sovremennogo Materialovedeniya, No. 3: 17 (2006) (in Russian).
  44. E. A. Budovskikh, Vestnik RAEN, No. 3: 77 (2006) (in Russian).
  45. E. A. Budovskikh, O. A. Tsvirkun, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Fizika, 9, No. 8:367 (2006) (in Russian).
  46. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, V. A. Petrunin, V. Ya. Tsellermaer, and V. E. Gromov, Vestnik MGTU im. G. I. Nosova, No. 4: 83 (2006) (in Russian).
  47. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, V. A. Rudneva, V. F. Goryushkin, and V. E. Gromov, Zhurnal Funktsionalnykh Materialov, 1, No. 3: 117 (2007) (in Russian).
  48. O. A. Tsvirkun, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Osobennosti Struktury i Svoystv Perspektivnykh Materialov [Peculiarities of Structure and Properties of Advanced Materials] (Tomsk: NTL: 2006) (in Russian).
  49. E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Struktura i Svoystva Perspektivnykh Metallicheskikh Materialov [Structure and Properties of Advanced Metallic Materials] (Tomsk: NTL: 2007) (in Russian).
  50. E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Evolyutsiya Struktury i Svoystva Metallicheskikh Materialov [Evolution of Structure and Properties of Metallic Materials] (Tomsk: NTL: 2007) (in Russian).
  51. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, 'Kontrol. Diagnostika. Resurs' [Control. Diagnostics. Resource], Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov (Kemerovo: KemGTU: 2007) (in Russian).
  52. A. V. Vostretsova, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Fund. Probl. Sovremennogo Materialovedeniya, No. 3: 46 (2008).
  53. A. Ya. Bagautdinov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Fizicheskie Osnovy Elektrovzryvnogo Legirovaniya Metallov i Splavov [Physical Basis of Electroexplosive Alloying of Metals and Alloys] (Novokuznetsk: SibGIU: 2007) (in Russian).
  54. N. N. Koval and Yu. F. Ivanov, Izv. VUZov. Fizika, 51, No. 5: 71 (2008) (in Russian).
  55. V. N. Devyatkov, N. N. Koval, P. M. Schanin, V. P. Grigoryev, and T. V. Koval, Laser Part. Beams, 21, No. 2: 243 (2003). Crossref
  56. Yu. F. Ivanov and N. N. Koval, Struktura i Svoystva Perspektivnykh Metallicheskikh Materialov [Structure and Properties of Promising Metallic Materials] (Tomsk: NTL: 2007) (in Russian).
  57. Yu. F. Ivanov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, S. Yu. Filimonov, A. V. Vostretsova, and E. A. Budovskikh, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 12: 43 (2008) (in Russian).
  58. Yu. F. Ivanov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, S. Yu. Filimonov, A. V. Vostretsova, E. A. Budovskih, and V. E. Gromov, Uprochnyayushchie Tekhnologii i Pokrytiya [Strengthening Technologies and Coatings], No. 2: 41 (2009) (in Russian).
  59. A. V. Vostretsova, E. S. Vashchuk, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Materialovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov: Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov (Magnitogorsk: GOU VPO MGTU: 2009) (in Russian).
  60. A. V. Vostretsova, E. S. Vashchuk, S. V. Karpiy, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Materialovedenie, Tekhnologii i Ekologiya v 3-m Tysyacheletii: Materialy IV Vseros. Konf. Molodykh Uchenykh [Materials Science, Technology and Ecology in the 3rd Millennium] (Tomsk: Publishing House of Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS: 2009), p. 78 (in Russian).
  61. Yu. F. Ivanov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, S. Yu. Filimonov, A. V. Vostretsova, and E. A. Budovskikh, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 10: 42 (2009) (in Russian).
  62. Yu. F. Ivanov, N. N. Koval, S. Yu. Filimonov, A. D. Teresov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, and E. A. Budovskikh, A. V. Vostretsova, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Fizika, No. 11/2: 161 (2009) (in Russian).
  63. Yu. F. Ivanov, S. Yu. Filimonov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, N. N. Koval, A. V. Vosrtetsova, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Fund. Probl. Sovremennogo Materialovedeniya, 6, No. 2: 119 (2009) (in Russian).
  64. Yu. F. Ivanov, S. V. Karpiy, N. N. Koval, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, V. E. Gromov, and E. A. Budovskikh, Deformatsiya i Razrushenie Materialov, No. 9: 39 (2009) (in Russian).
  65. E. S. Vashchuk, A. V. Vostretsova, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Strukturno-Fazovye Sostoyaniya Perspektivnykh Metallicheskikh Metallov [Structural-Phase States of the Promising Metallic Metals] (Novokuznetsk: Publishing house NPK: 2009) (in Russian).
  66. E. A. Budovskikh, S. V. Karpiy, G. Tang, S. V. Vorobyov, A. P. Semin, V. Ya. Tselermayer, S. V. Konovalov, and V. E. Gromov, Vestnik ZSO RAEN, No. 11: (2009) (in Russian).
  67. S. V. Karpiy, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, V. E. Gromov, and S. V. Konovalov, Fund. Probl. Sovremennogo Materialovedeniya, No. 1: 46 (2009) (in Russian).
  68. S. V. Karpiy, E. S. Vashchuk, E. A. Budovskikh, and Yu. F. Ivanov, Vestnik Gorno-Metallurgicheskoy Sektsii RAEN, Iss. 24: 171 (2009) (in Russian).
  69. S. V. Karpiy, M. M. Morozov, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, and V. E. Gromov, Materialovedenie, No. 10: 61 (2010) (in Russian).
  70. S. V. Karpiy, Yu. F. Ivanov, N. N. Koval', E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, and V. E. Gromov, Fizika i Khimiya Obrabotki Materialov, No. 4: 51 (2010) (in Russian).
  71. S. V. Karpiy, M. M. Morozov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. F. Ivanov, and V. E. Gromov, Uspehi Fiziki Metallov, 11, No. 3: 273 (2010) (in Russian). Crossref
  72. S. V. Karpiy, M. M. Morozov, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, and V. E. Gromov, Perspektivnye Materialy, No. 1: 82 (2011) (in Russian).
  73. S. V. Karpiy, M. M. Morozov, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 8: 64 (2010) (in Russian).
  74. Yu. F. Ivanov, S. Yu. Filimonov, A. D. Teresov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Izv. TPU, 318, No. 2: 101 (2011) (in Russian).
  75. Yu. F. Ivanov, S. Yu. Filimonov, Yu. A. Kolubaeva, A. D. Teresov, V. E. Gromov, and E. A. Budovskikh, Izv. TPU, 318, No. 2: 106 (2011) (in Russian).
  76. E. S. Vashchuk, D. A. Romanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and Yu. F. Ivanov, Izv. VUZov. Chernaya Metallurgiya, No. 6: 25 (2011) (in Russian).
  77. Yu. F. Ivanov, S. V. Karpiy, and M. M. Morozov, Struktura, Fazovyi Sostav i Svoystva Titana Posle Elektrovzryvnogo Legirovaniya i Elektronno-Puchkovoy Obrabotki [Structure, Phase Composition and Properties of Titanium after Electroexplosive Alloying and Electron-Beam Processing] (Novokuznetsk: Publishing House NPK: 2010) (in Russian).
  78. V. E. Gromov, Formirovanie Strukturno-Fazovykh Sostoyaniy Metallov i Splavov pri Elektrovzryvnom Legirovanii i Elektronno-Puchkovoy Obrabotke [Formation of Structural-Phase States of the Metals and Alloys at Electroexplosive Alloying and Electron-Beam Processing] (Novokuznetsk: Inter-Kuzbass: 2011) (in Russian).
  79. A. E. Vol and I. K. Kogan, Stroenie i Svoystva Dvoynykh Metallicheskikh Sistem [Structure and Properties of Binary Metal Systems] (Moscow: Nauka: 1976) (in Russian).
  80. B. I. Shapoval, V. M Azhazha, V. M. Arzhavitin, I. B. Dolya, V. Ya. Sverdlov, M. A. Tikhonovsky, and V. G. Yarovoy, VANT. Seriya: Vakuum, Chistye Materialy, Sverkhprovodniki, No. 1: 133 (2002) (in Russian).
  81. M. A. Tikhonovsky, VANT. Seriya: Vakuum, Chistye Materialy, Sverkhprovodniki, No. 6: 115 (2004) (in Russian).
  82. M. A. Tikhonovsky, V. T. Petrenko, and V. S. Bezrodny, Mekhanizm Povrezhdaemosti i Prochnost' Geterogennykh Materialov [Mechanism of Damageability and Strength of Heterogeneous Materials] (Leningrad: 1985) (in Russian).
  83. J. Pot, G. Foti, and D. Jacobson, Modifitsirovanie i Legirovanie Poverkhnosti Lazernymi, Ionnymi i Elektronnymi Puchkami [Modification and Surface Alloying by Laser, Ion, and Electron Beams] (Moscow: Mashinostroenie: 1987) (Russian translation).
  84. M. Klimiankou, R. Lindau, and A. Möslang, Micron, 36, No. 1: 1 (2005). Crossref
  85. I. V. Kragelsky, Trenie i Iznos [Friction and Wear] (Moscow: Mashinostroenie: 1968) (in Russian).
  86. M. M. Khrushchev and M. A. Babichev, Abrazivnoe Iznashivanie [Abrasive Wear] (Moscow: Nauka: 1970) (in Russian).
  87. M. M. Tenenbaum, Iznosostoykost' Konstruktsionnykh Materialov i Detaley Mashin pri Abrazivnom Iznashivanii [Wear Resistance of Structural Materials and Machine Components During Abrasive Wear] (Moscow: Mashinostroenie: 1966) (Russian translation).
  88. J. Qu, P. J. Blau, T. R. Watkins, O. B. Cavin, and N. S. Kulkarni, Wear, 258, No. 9: 1348 (2005). Crossref
  89. V. I. Moschenok, N. A. Lalazarova, and O. N. Timchenko, Sverkhtverdye Materialy, No. 6: 16 (2004) (in Russian).
  90. L. M. Murzin, S. A. Chubov, and V. V. Ogorodnikov, Visnyk SevNTU: Zb. Nauk. Prats', Seriya: Mashynopryladobuduvannya ta Transport, No. 111: 113 (2010) (in Russian).
  91. Yu. I. Golovin, Fiz. Tverdogo Tela, 50, No. 12: 2113 (2008) (in Russian).
  92. J. R. Greer and W. D. Nix, Phys. Rev B, 73, No. 24: 245410 (2006). Crossref
  93. J. R. Greer, W. D. Nix, G. Feug, and E. T. Lilleoden, Thin Solid Films, 515, No. 6: 3152 (2007). Crossref
  94. Fizicheskie Velichiny [Physical Quantities] (Eds. I. S. Grigor'ev and E. Z. Meilikhov) (Moscow: Energoatomizdat: 1991) (in Russian).
  95. S. V. Raikov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Fizicheskaya Priroda Uprochneniya Poverkhnostnykh Sloev Titanovykh Splavov pri Elektrovzryvnom Legirovanii i Elektro-Puchkovoy Obrabotke [Physical Nature of Hardening of Surface Layers in Titanic Alloys with Electroexplosive Alloying and Electro-Beam Processing] (Novokuznetsk: Inter-Kuzbass: 2014) (in Russian).
  96. Wei-ping Gong, Teng-fei Chen, Da-jian Li, and Yong Liu, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, No. 19: 199 (2009).
  97. S. V. Raikov, K. V. Sosnin, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, Russ. Phys. J., 57, No. 2: 252 (2014). Crossref
  98. Yu. F. Ivanov, V. E. Gromov, A. D. Teresov, O. V. Ivanova, S. V. Raikov, K. V. Sosnin, O. A. Semina, and K. V. Alsaraeva, Adv. Mater. Res., 1013: 229 (2014).
  99. K. V. Sosnin, Yu. F. Ivanov, A. M. Glezer, V. E. Gromov, S. V. Raikov, and E. A. Budovskikh, Izv. RAN. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 78, No. 11: 1454 (2014) (in Russian).
  100. K. V. Sosnin, S. V. Raikov, E. S. Vaschuk, Yu. F. Ivanov, E. A. Budovskikh, and V. E. Gromov, AIP Conference Proceedings, 1623: 603 (2014). Crossref
Cited By (2)
  1. V. E. Kormyshev, V. E. Gromov, Yu. F. Ivanov and S. V. Konovalov, Usp. Fiz. Met. 18, 111 (2017).
  2. V. V. Kurylyak and G. I. Khimicheva, Usp. Fiz. Met. 18, 155 (2017).

© 2013–2018 "G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics"